Receipt Catcher
Receipt Catcher
Advertising
Egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii and ancient Arabia. Lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. The tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art paintings that date back to 4000 BC.[4] History tells us that Out-of-home advertising and billboards are the oldest forms of advertising.
As the towns and cities of the Middle Ages began to grow, and the general populace was unable to read, signs that today would say cobbler, miller, tailor or blacksmith would use an image associated with their trade such as a boot, a suit, a hat, a clock, a diamond, a horse shoe, a candle or even a bag of flour. Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons and their proprietors used street callers (town criers) to announce their whereabouts for the convenience of the customers.
As education became an apparent need and reading, as well as printing, developed advertising expanded to include handbills. In the 17th century advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers in England. These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press; and medicines, which were increasingly sought after as disease ravaged Europe. However, false advertising and so-called “quack” advertisements became a problem, which ushered in the regulation of advertising content.
As the economy expanded during the 19th century, advertising grew alongside. In the United States, the success of this advertising format eventually led to the growth of mail-order advertising.
In June 1836, French newspaper La Presse was the first to include paid advertising in its pages, allowing it to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its profitability and the formula was soon copied by all titles. Around 1840, Volney Palmer established a predecessor to advertising agencies in Boston.[5] Around the same time, in France, Charles-Louis Havas extended the services of his news agency, Havas to include advertisement brokerage, making it the first French group to organize. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers. N. W. Ayer & Son was the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. N.W. Ayer opened in 1869, and was located in Philadelphia.[5]
An 1895 advertisement for a weight gain product.
At the turn of the century, there were few career choices for women in business; however, advertising was one of the few. Since women were responsible for most of the purchasing done in their household, advertisers and agencies recognized the value of women’s insight during the creative process. In fact, the first American advertising to use a sexual sell was created by a woman – for a soap product. Although tame by today’s standards, the advertisement featured a couple with the message “The skin you love to touch”.[6]
In the early 1920s, the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and retailers who offered programs in order to sell more radios to consumers. As time passed, many non-profit organizations followed suit in setting up their own radio stations, and included: schools, clubs and civic groups.[7] When the practice of sponsoring programs was popularised, each individual radio program was usually sponsored by a single business in exchange for a brief mention of the business’ name at the beginning and end of the sponsored shows. However, radio station owners soon realised they could earn more money by selling sponsorship rights in small time allocations to multiple businesses throughout their radio station’s broadcasts, rather than selling the sponsorship rights to single businesses per show.
A print advertisement for the 1913 issue of the Encyclopædia Britannica
This practice was carried over to television in the late 1940s and early 1950s. A fierce battle was fought between those seeking to commercialise the radio and people who argued that the radio spectrum should be considered a part of the commons – to be used only non-commercially and for the public good. The United Kingdom pursued a public funding model for the BBC, originally a private company, the British Broadcasting Company, but incorporated as a public body by Royal Charter in 1927. In Canada, advocates like Graham Spry were likewise able to persuade the federal government to adopt a public funding model, creating the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. However, in the United States, the capitalist model prevailed with the passage of the Communications Act of 1934 which created the Federal Communications Commission.[7] To placate the socialists, the U.S. Congress did require commercial broadcasters to operate in the “public interest, convenience, and necessity”.[8] Public broadcasting now exists in the United States due to the 1967 Public Broadcasting Act which led to the Public Broadcasting Service and National Public Radio.
In the early 1950s, the DuMont Television Network began the modern trend of selling advertisement time to multiple sponsors. Previously, DuMont had trouble finding sponsors for many of their programs and compensated by selling smaller blocks of advertising time to several businesses. This eventually became the standard for the commercial television industry in the United States. However, it was still a common practice to have single sponsor shows, such as The United States Steel Hour. In some instances the sponsors exercised great control over the content of the show – up to and including having one’s advertising agency actually writing the show. The single sponsor model is much less prevalent now, a notable exception being the Hallmark Hall of Fame.
The 1960s saw advertising transform into a modern approach in which creativity was allowed to shine, producing unexpected messages that made advertisements more tempting to consumers’ eyes. The Volkswagen ad campaign—featuring such headlines as “Think Small” and “Lemon” (which were used to describe the appearance of the car)—ushered in the era of modern advertising by promoting a “position” or “unique selling proposition” designed to associate each brand with a specific idea in the reader or viewer’s mind. This period of American advertising is called the Creative Revolution and its archetype was William Bernbach who helped create the revolutionary Volkswagen ads among others. Some of the most creative and long-standing American advertising dates to this period.
The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the introduction of cable television and particularly MTV. Pioneering the concept of the music video, MTV ushered in a new type of advertising: the consumer tunes in for the advertising message, rather than it being a by-product or afterthought. As cable and satellite television became increasingly prevalent, specialty channels emerged, including channels entirely devoted to advertising, such as QVC, Home Shopping Network, and ShopTV Canada.
Marketing through the Internet opened new frontiers for advertisers and contributed to the “dot-com” boom of the 1990s. Entire corporations operated solely on advertising revenue, offering everything from coupons to free Internet access. At the turn of the 21st century, a number of websites including the search engine Google, started a change in online advertising by emphasizing contextually relevant, unobtrusive ads intended to help, rather than inundate, users. This has led to a plethora of similar efforts and an increasing trend of interactive advertising.
The share of advertising spending relative to GDP has changed little across large changes in media. For example, in the U.S. in 1925, the main advertising media were newspapers, magazines, signs on streetcars, and outdoor posters. Advertising spending as a share of GDP was about 2.9 percent. By 1998, television and radio had become major advertising media. Nonetheless, advertising spending as a share of GDP was slightly lower—about 2.4 percent.[9]
A recent advertising innovation is “guerrilla marketing”, which involve unusual approaches such as staged encounters in public places, giveaways of products such as cars that are covered with brand messages, and interactive advertising where the viewer can respond to become part of the advertising message.Guerrilla advertising is becoming increasing more popular with a lot of companies. This type of advertising is unpredictable and innovative, which causes consumers to buy the product or idea. This reflects an increasing trend of interactive and “embedded” ads, such as via product placement, having consumers vote through text messages, and various innovations utilizing social network services such as MySpace.
[edit] Public service advertising
The same advertising techniques used to promote commercial goods and services can be used to inform, educate and motivate the public about non-commercial issues, such as HIV/AIDS, political ideology, energy conservation and deforestation.
Advertising, in its non-commercial guise, is a powerful educational tool capable of reaching and motivating large audiences. “Advertising justifies its existence when used in the public interest – it is much too powerful a tool to use solely for commercial purposes.” – Attributed to Howard Gossage by David Ogilvy.
Public service advertising, non-commercial advertising, public interest advertising, cause marketing, and social marketing are different terms for (or aspects of) the use of sophisticated advertising and marketing communications techniques (generally associated with commercial enterprise) on behalf of non-commercial, public interest issues and initiatives.
In the United States, the granting of television and radio licenses by the FCC is contingent upon the station broadcasting a certain amount of public service advertising. To meet these requirements, many broadcast stations in America air the bulk of their required public service announcements during the late night or early morning when the smallest percentage of viewers are watching, leaving more day and prime time commercial slots available for high-paying advertisers.
Public service advertising reached its height during World Wars I and II under the direction of several governments.
[edit] Types of advertising
Paying people to hold signs is one of the oldest forms of advertising, as with this Human directional pictured above A bus with an advertisement for GAP in Singapore. Buses and other vehicles are popular mediums for advertisers. A DBAG Class 101 with UNICEF ads at Ingolstadt main railway station
Virtually any medium can be used for advertising. Commercial advertising media can include wall paintings, billboards, street furniture components, printed flyers and rack cards, radio, cinema and television adverts, web banners, mobile telephone screens, shopping carts, web popups, skywriting, bus stop benches, human billboards, magazines, newspapers, town criers, sides of buses, banners attached to or sides of airplanes (“logojets”), in-flight advertisements on seatback tray tables or overhead storage bins, taxicab doors, roof mounts and passenger screens, musical stage shows, subway platforms and trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers,doors of bathroom stalls,stickers on apples in supermarkets, shopping cart handles (grabertising), the opening section of streaming audio and video, posters, and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Any place an “identified” sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is advertising.
[edit] Television
Main articles: Television advertisement and Music in advertising
The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective mass-market advertising format, as is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial airtime during popular TV events. The annual Super Bowl football game in the United States is known as the most prominent advertising event on television. The average cost of a single thirty-second TV spot during this game has reached US$3 million (as of 2009).
The majority of television commercials feature a song or jingle that listeners soon relate to the product.
Virtual advertisements may be inserted into regular television programming through computer graphics. It is typically inserted into otherwise blank backdrops[10] or used to replace local billboards that are not relevant to the remote broadcast audience.[11] More controversially, virtual billboards may be inserted into the background[12] where none exist in real-life. Virtual product placement is also possible.[13][14]
[edit] Infomercials
Main article: Infomercial
An infomercial is a long-format television commercial, typically five minutes or longer. The word “infomercial” is a portmanteau of the words “information” & “commercial”. The main objective in an infomercial is to create an impulse purchase, so that the consumer sees the presentation and then immediately buys the product through the advertised toll-free telephone number or website. Infomercials describe, display, and often demonstrate products and their features, and commonly have testimonials from consumers and industry professionals.
[edit] Radio advertising
Radio advertising is a form of advertising via the medium of radio.
Radio advertisements are broadcasted as radio waves to the air from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device. Airtime is purchased from a station or network in exchange for airing the commercials. While radio has the obvious limitation of being restricted to sound, proponents of radio advertising often cite this as an advantage.
[edit] Press advertising
Press advertising describes advertising in a printed medium such as a newspaper, magazine, or trade journal. This encompasses everything from media with a very broad readership base, such as a major national newspaper or magazine, to more narrowly targeted media such as local newspapers and trade journals on very specialized topics. A form of press advertising is classified advertising, which allows private individuals or companies to purchase a small, narrowly targeted ad for a low fee advertising a product or service.
[edit] Online advertising
Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads that appear on search engine results pages, banner ads, in text ads, Rich Media Ads, Social network advertising, online classified advertising, advertising networks and e-mail marketing, including e-mail spam.
[edit] Billboard advertising
Billboards are large structures located in public places which display advertisements to passing pedestrians and motorists. Most often, they are located on main roads with a large amount of passing motor and pedestrian traffic; however, they can be placed in any location with large amounts of viewers, such as on mass transit vehicles and in stations, in shopping malls or office buildings, and in stadiums.
[edit] Mobile billboard advertising
The RedEye newspaper advertised to its target market at North Avenue Beach with a sailboat billboard on Lake Michigan.
Mobile billboards are generally vehicle mounted billboards or digital screens. These can be on dedicated vehicles built solely for carrying advertisements along routes preselected by clients, they can also be specially-equipped cargo trucks or, in some cases, large banners strewn from planes. The billboards are often lighted; some being backlit, and others employing spotlights. Some billboard displays are static, while others change; for example, continuously or periodically rotating among a set of advertisements.
Mobile displays are used for various situations in metropolitan areas throughout the world, including:
- Target advertising
- One-day, and long-term campaigns
- Conventions
- Sporting events
- Store openings and similar promotional events
- Big advertisements from smaller companies
- Others
[edit] In-store advertising
In-store advertising is any advertisement placed in a retail store. It includes placement of a product in visible locations in a store, such as at eye level, at the ends of aisles and near checkout counters, eye-catching displays promoting a specific product, and advertisements in such places as shopping carts and in-store video displays.
[edit] Covert advertising
Main article: Product placement
Covert advertising, also known as guerrilla advertising, is when a product or brand is embedded in entertainment and media. For example, in a film, the main character can use an item or other of a definite brand, as in the movie Minority Report, where Tom Cruise’s character John Anderton owns a phone with the Nokia logo clearly written in the top corner, or his watch engraved with the Bulgari logo. Another example of advertising in film is in I, Robot, where main character played by Will Smith mentions his Converse shoes several times, calling them “classics,” because the film is set far in the future. I, Robot and Spaceballs also showcase futuristic cars with the Audi and Mercedes-Benz logos clearly displayed on the front of the vehicles. Cadillac chose to advertise in the movie The Matrix Reloaded, which as a result contained many scenes in which Cadillac cars were used. Similarly, product placement for Omega Watches, Ford, VAIO, BMW and Aston Martin cars are featured in recent James Bond films, most notably Casino Royale. In “Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer”, the main transport vehicle shows a large Dodge logo on the front. Blade Runner includes some of the most obvious product placement; the whole film stops to show a Coca-Cola billboard.
[edit] Celebrities
Main article: Celebrity branding
This type of advertising focuses upon using celebrity power, fame, money, popularity to gain recognition for their products and promote specific stores or products. Advertisers often advertise their products, for example, when celebrities share their favorite products or wear clothes by specific brands or designers. Celebrities are often involved in advertising campaigns such as television or print adverts to advertise specific or general products.
The use of celebrities to endorse a brand can have its downsides, however. One mistake by a celebrity can be detrimental to the public relations of a brand. For example, following his performance of eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, swimmer Michael Phelps’ contract with Kellogg’s was terminated, as Kellogg’s did not want to associate with him after he was photographed smoking marijuana.
[edit] Media and advertising approaches
Increasingly, other media are overtaking many of the “traditional” media such as television, radio and newspaper because of a shift toward consumer’s usage of the Internet for news and music as well as devices like digital video recorders (DVR’s) such as TiVo.
Advertising on the World Wide Web is a recent phenomenon. Prices of Web-based advertising space are dependent on the “relevance” of the surrounding web content and the traffic that the website receives.
Digital signage is poised to become a major mass media because of its ability to reach larger audiences for less money. Digital signage also offer the unique ability to see the target audience where they are reached by the medium. Technology advances has also made it possible to control the message on digital signage with much precision, enabling the messages to be relevant to the target audience at any given time and location which in turn, gets more response from the advertising. Digital signage is being successfully employed in supermarkets.[15] Another successful use of digital signage is in hospitality locations such as restaurants.[16] and malls.[17]
E-mail advertising is another recent phenomenon. Unsolicited bulk E-mail advertising is known as “e-mail spam”. Spam has been a problem for email users for many years.
Some companies have proposed placing messages or corporate logos on the side of booster rockets and the International Space Station. Controversy exists on the effectiveness of subliminal advertising (see mind control), and the pervasiveness of mass messages (see propaganda).
Unpaid advertising (also called “publicity advertising”), can provide good exposure at minimal cost. Personal recommendations (“bring a friend”, “sell it”), spreading buzz, or achieving the feat of equating a brand with a common noun (in the United States, “Xerox” = “photocopier”, “Kleenex” = tissue, “Vaseline” = petroleum jelly, “Hoover” = vacuum cleaner, “Nintendo” (often used by those exposed to many video games) = video games, and “Band-Aid” = adhesive bandage) — these can be seen as the pinnacle of any advertising campaign. However, some companies oppose the use of their brand name to label an object. Equating a brand with a common noun also risks turning that brand into a genericized trademark – turning it into a generic term which means that its legal protection as a trademark is lost.
As the mobile phone became a new mass media in 1998 when the first paid downloadable content appeared on mobile phones in Finland, it was only a matter of time until mobile advertising followed, also first launched in Finland in 2000. By 2007 the value of mobile advertising had reached $2.2 billion and providers such as Admob delivered billions of mobile ads.
More advanced mobile ads include banner ads, coupons, Multimedia Messaging Service picture and video messages, advergames and various engagement marketing campaigns. A particular feature driving mobile ads is the 2D Barcode, which replaces the need to do any typing of web addresses, and uses the camera feature of modern phones to gain immediate access to web content. 83 percent of Japanese mobile phone users already are active users of 2D barcodes.
A new form of advertising that is growing rapidly is social network advertising. It is online advertising with a focus on social networking sites. This is a relatively immature market, but it has shown a lot of promise as advertisers are able to take advantage of the demographic information the user has provided to the social networking site. Friendertising is a more precise advertising term in which people are able to direct advertisements toward others directly using social network service.
From time to time, The CW Television Network airs short programming breaks called “Content Wraps,” to advertise one company’s product during an entire commercial break. The CW pioneered “content wraps” and some products featured were Herbal Essences, Crest, Guitar Hero II, CoverGirl, and recently Toyota.
Recently, there appeared a new promotion concept, “ARvertising”, advertising on Augmented Reality technology.
[edit] Criticism of advertising
While advertising can be seen as necessary for economic growth, it is not without social costs. Unsolicited Commercial Email and other forms of spam have become so prevalent as to have become a major nuisance to users of these services, as well as being a financial burden on internet service providers.[18] Advertising is increasingly invading public spaces, such as schools, which some critics argue is a form of child exploitation.[19] In addition, advertising frequently uses psychological pressure (for example, appealing to feelings of inadequacy) on the intended consumer, which may be harmful.
[edit] Hyper-commercialism and the commercial tidal wave
Criticism of advertising is closely linked with criticism of media and often interchangeable. They can refer to its audio-visual aspects (e. g. cluttering of public spaces and airwaves), environmental aspects (e. g. pollution, oversize packaging, increasing consumption), political aspects (e. g. media dependency, free speech, censorship), financial aspects (costs), ethical/moral/social aspects (e. g. sub-conscious influencing, invasion of privacy, increasing consumption and waste, target groups, certain products, honesty) and, of course, a mix thereof. Some aspects can be subdivided further and some can cover more than one category.
As advertising has become increasingly prevalent in modern Western societies, it is also increasingly being criticized. A person can hardly move in the public sphere or use a medium without being subject to advertising. Advertising occupies public space and more and more invades the private sphere of people, many of which consider it a nuisance. “It is becoming harder to escape from advertising and the media. … Public space is increasingly turning into a gigantic billboard for products of all kind. The aesthetical and political consequences cannot yet be foreseen.”[20] Hanno Rauterberg in the German newspaper ‘Die Zeit’ calls advertising a new kind of dictatorship that cannot be escaped.[21]
Ad creep: “There are ads in schools, airport lounges, doctors offices, movie theaters, hospitals, gas stations, elevators, convenience stores, on the Internet, on fruit, on ATMs, on garbage cans and countless other places. There are ads on beach sand and restroom walls.”[22] “One of the ironies of advertising in our times is that as commercialism increases, it makes it that much more difficult for any particular advertiser to succeed, hence pushing the advertiser to even greater efforts.”[23] Within a decade advertising in radios climbed to nearly 18 or 19 minutes per hour; on prime-time television the standard until 1982 was no more than 9.5 minutes of advertising per hour, today it’s between 14 and 17 minutes. With the introduction of the shorter 15-second-spot the total amount of ads increased even more dramatically. Ads are not only placed in breaks but e. g. also into baseball telecasts during the game itself. They flood the internet, a market growing in leaps and bounds.
Other growing markets are ‘’product placements” in entertainment programming and in movies where it has become standard practice and ‘’virtual advertising” where products get placed retroactively into rerun shows. Product billboards are virtually inserted into Major League Baseball broadcasts and in the same manner, virtual street banners or logos are projected on an entry canopy or sidewalks, for example during the arrival of celebrities at the 2001 Grammy Awards. Advertising precedes the showing of films at cinemas including lavish ‘film shorts’ produced by companies such as Microsoft or DaimlerChrysler. “The largest advertising agencies have begun working aggressively to co-produce programming in conjunction with the largest media firms”[24] creating Infomercials resembling entertainment programming.
Opponents equate the growing amount of advertising with a “tidal wave” and restrictions with “damming” the flood. Kalle Lasn, one of the most outspoken critics of advertising on the international stage, considers advertising “the most prevalent and toxic of the mental pollutants. From the moment your radio alarm sounds in the morning to the wee hours of late-night TV microjolts of commercial pollution flood into your brain at the rate of around 3,000 marketing messages per day. Every day an estimated twelve billion display ads, 3 million radio commercials and more than 200,000 television commercials are dumped into North America’s collective unconscious”.[25] In the course of his life the average American watches three years of advertising on television.[26]
More recent developments are video games incorporating products into their content, special commercial patient channels in hospitals and public figures sporting temporary tattoos. A method unrecognisable as advertising is so-called ‘’guerrilla marketing” which is spreading ‘buzz’ about a new product in target audiences. Cash-strapped U.S. cities do not shrink back from offering police cars for advertising.[27] A trend, especially in Germany, is companies buying the names of sports stadiums. The Hamburg soccer Volkspark stadium first became the AOL Arena and then the HSH Nordbank Arena. The Stuttgart Neckarstadion became the Mercedes-Benz Arena, the Dortmund Westfalenstadion now is the Signal Iduna Park. The former SkyDome in Toronto was renamed Rogers Centre. Other recent developments are, for example, that whole subway stations in Berlin are redesigned into product halls and exclusively leased to a company. Düsseldorf even has ‘multi-sensorial’ adventure transit stops equipped with loudspeakers and systems that spread the smell of a detergent. Swatch used beamers to project messages on the Berlin TV-tower and Victory column, which was fined because it was done without a permit. The illegality was part of the scheme and added promotion.[21]
It’s standard business management knowledge that advertising is a pillar, if not “the” pillar of the growth-orientated free capitalist economy. “Advertising is part of the bone marrow of corporate capitalism.”[28] “Contemporary capitalism could not function and global production networks could not exist as they do without advertising.”[1]
For communication scientist and media economist Manfred Knoche at the University of Salzburg, Austria, advertising isn’t just simply a ‘necessary evil’ but a ‘necessary elixir of life’ for the media business, the economy and capitalism as a whole. Advertising and mass media economic interests create ideology. Knoche describes advertising for products and brands as ‘the producer’s weapons in the competition for customers’ and trade advertising, e. g. by the automotive industry, as a means to collectively represent their interests against other groups, such as the train companies. In his view editorial articles and programmes in the media, promoting consumption in general, provide a ‘cost free’ service to producers and sponsoring for a ‘much used means of payment’ in advertising.[29] Christopher Lasch argues that advertising leads to an overall increase in consumption in society; “Advertising serves not so much to advertise products as to promote consumption as a way of life.”[30]
[edit] Advertising and constitutional rights
Advertising is equated with constitutionally guaranteed freedom of opinion and speech.[31] Therefore criticizing advertising or any attempt to restrict or ban advertising is almost always considered to be an attack on fundamental rights[citation needed] (First Amendment in the USA) and meets the combined and concentrated resistance of the business and especially the advertising community. “Currently or in the near future, any number of cases are and will be working their way through the court system that would seek to prohibit any government regulation of … commercial speech (e. g. advertising or food labelling) on the grounds that such regulation would violate citizens’ and corporations’ First Amendment rights to free speech or free press.”[32] An example for this debate is advertising for tobacco or alcohol but also advertising by mail or fliers (clogged mail boxes), advertising on the phone, in the internet and advertising for children. Various legal restrictions concerning spamming, advertising on mobile phones, addressing children, tobacco, alcohol have been introduced by the US, the EU and various other countries. Not only the business community resists restrictions of advertising. Advertising as a means of free expression has firmly established itself in western society[citation needed]. McChesney argues, that the government deserves constant vigilance when it comes to such regulations, but that it is certainly not “the only antidemocratic force in our society. …corporations and the wealthy enjoy a power every bit as immense as that enjoyed by the lords and royalty of feudal times” and “markets are not value-free or neutral; they not only tend to work to the advantage of those with the most money, but they also by their very nature emphasize profit over all else….Hence, today the debate is over whether advertising or food labelling, or campaign contributions are speech…if the rights to be protected by the First Amendment can only be effectively employed by a fraction of the citizenry, and their exercise of these rights gives them undue political power and undermines the ability of the balance of the citizenry to exercise the same rights and/or constitutional rights, then it is not necessarily legitimately protected by the First Amendment.” In addition, “those with the capacity to engage in free press are in a position to determine who can speak to the great mass of citizens and who cannot”.[33] Critics in turn argue, that advertising invades privacy which is a constitutional right. For, on the one hand, advertising physically invades privacy, on the other, it increasingly uses relevant, information-based communication with private data assembled without the knowledge or consent of consumers or target groups.
For Georg Franck at Vienna University of Technology advertising is part of what he calls “mental capitalism”,[34][35] taking up a term (mental) which has been used by groups concerned with the mental environment, such as Adbusters. Franck blends the “Economy of Attention” with Christopher Lasch’s culture of narcissm into the mental capitalism:[36] In his essay „Advertising at the Edge of the Apocalypse”, Sut Jhally writes: “20. century advertising is the most powerful and sustained system of propaganda in human history and its cumulative cultural effects, unless quickly checked, will be responsible for destroying the world as we know it.[37]
[edit] The price of attention and hidden costs
Advertising has developed into a billion-dollar business on which many depend. In 2006 391 billion US dollars were spent worldwide for advertising. In Germany, for example, the advertising industry contributes 1.5% of the gross national income; the figures for other developed countries are similar.[citation needed] Thus, advertising and growth are directly and causally linked. As far as a growth based economy can be blamed for the harmful human lifestyle (affluent society) advertising has to be considered in this aspect concerning its negative impact, because its main purpose is to raise consumption. “The industry is accused of being one of the engines powering a convoluted economic mass production system which promotes consumption.”[38]
Attention and attentiveness have become a new commodity for which a market developed. “The amount of attention that is absorbed by the media and redistributed in the competition for quotas and reach is not identical with the amount of attention, that is available in society. The total amount circulating in society is made up of the attention exchanged among the people themselves and the attention given to media information. Only the latter is homogenised by quantitative measuring and only the latter takes on the character of an anonymous currency.”[34][35] According to Franck, any surface of presentation that can guarantee a certain degree of attentiveness works as magnet for attention, e. g. media which are actually meant for information and entertainment, culture and the arts, public space etc. It is this attraction which is sold to the advertising business. The German Advertising Association stated that in 2007 30.78 billion Euros were spent on advertising in Germany,[39] 26% in newspapers, 21% on television, 15% by mail and 15% in magazines. In 2002 there were 360.000 people employed in the advertising business. The internet revenues for advertising doubled to almost 1 billion Euros from 2006 to 2007, giving it the highest growth rates.
Spiegel-Online reported that in the USA in 2008 for the first time more money was spent for advertising on internet (105.3 billion US dollars) than on television (98.5 billion US dollars). The largest amount in 2008 was still spent in the print media (147 billion US dollars).[40] For that same year, Welt-Online reported that the US pharmaceutical industry spent almost double the amount on advertising (57.7 billion dollars) than it did on research (31.5 billion dollars). But Marc-André Gagnon und Joel Lexchin of York University, Toronto, estimate that the actual expenses for advertising are higher yet, because not all entries are recorded by the research institutions.[41] Not included are indirect advertising campaigns such as sales, rebates and price reductions. Few consumers are aware of the fact that they are the ones paying for every cent spent for public relations, advertisements, rebates, packaging etc. since they ordinarily get included in the price calculation.
[edit] Influencing and conditioning
Advertising for McDonald’s on the Via di Propaganda, Rome, Italy
The most important element of advertising is not information but suggestion more or less making use of associations, emotions (appeal to emotion) and drives dormant in the sub-conscience of people, such as sex drive, herd instinct, of desires, such as happiness, health, fitness, appearance, self-esteem, reputation, belonging, social status, identity, adventure, distraction, reward, of fears (appeal to fear), such as illness, weaknesses, loneliness, need, uncertainty, security or of prejudices, learned opinions and comforts. “All human needs, relationships, and fears – the deepest recesses of the human psyche – become mere means for the expansion of the commodity universe under the force of modern marketing. With the rise to prominence of modern marketing, commercialism – the translation of human relations into commodity relations – although a phenomenon intrinsic to capitalism, has expanded exponentially.”[42] ‘Cause-related marketing’ in which advertisers link their product to some worthy social cause has boomed over the past decade.
Advertising exploits the model role of celebrities or popular figures and makes deliberate use of humour as well as of associations with colour, tunes, certain names and terms. Altogether, these are factors of how one perceives himself and one’s self-worth. In his description of ‘mental capitalism’ Franck says, “the promise of consumption making someone irresistible is the ideal way of objects and symbols into a person’s subjective experience. Evidently, in a society in which revenue of attention moves to the fore, consumption is drawn by one’s self-esteem. As a result, consumption becomes ‘work’ on a person’s attraction. From the subjective point of view, this ‘work’ opens fields of unexpected dimensions for advertising. Advertising takes on the role of a life councillor in matters of attraction. (…) The cult around one’s own attraction is what Christopher Lasch described as ‘Culture of Narcissism’.”[35][36]
For advertising critics another serious problem is that “the long standing notion of separation between advertising and editorial/creative sides of media is rapidly crumbling” and advertising is increasingly hard to tell apart from news, information or entertainment. The boundaries between advertising and programming are becoming blurred. According to the media firms all this commercial involvement has no influence over actual media content, but, as McChesney puts it, “this claim fails to pass even the most basic giggle test, it is so preposterous.”[43]
Advertising draws “heavily on psychological theories about how to create subjects, enabling advertising and marketing to take on a ‘more clearly psychological tinge’ (Miller and Rose, 1997, cited in Thrift, 1999, p. 67). Increasingly, the emphasis in advertising has switched from providing ‘factual’ information to the symbolic connotations of commodities, since the crucial cultural premise of advertising is that the material object being sold is never in itself enough. Even those commodities providing for the most mundane necessities of daily life must be imbued with symbolic qualities and culturally endowed meanings via the ‘magic system (Williams, 1980) of advertising. In this way and by altering the context in which advertisements appear, things ‘can be made to mean “just about anything”‘ (McFall, 2002, p. 162) and the ‘same’ things can be endowed with different intended meanings for different individuals and groups of people, thereby offering mass produced visions of individualism.”[1]
Before advertising is done, market research institutions need to know and describe the target group to exactly plan and implement the advertising campaign and to achieve the best possible results. A whole array of sciences directly deal with advertising and marketing or is used to improve its effects. Focus groups, psychologists and cultural anthropologists are ‘”de rigueur”’ in marketing research”.[44] Vast amounts of data on persons and their shopping habits are collected, accumulated, aggregated and analysed with the aid of credit cards, bonus cards, raffles and internet surveying. With increasing accuracy this supplies a picture of behaviour, wishes and weaknesses of certain sections of a population with which advertisement can be employed more selectively and effectively. The efficiency of advertising is improved through advertising research. Universities, of course supported by business and in co-operation with other disciplines (s. above), mainly Psychiatry, Anthropology, Neurology and behavioural sciences, are constantly in search for ever more refined, sophisticated, subtle and crafty methods to make advertising more effective. “Neuromarketing is a controversial new field of marketing which uses medical technologies such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) — not to heal, but to sell products. Advertising and marketing firms have long used the insights and research methods of psychology in order to sell products, of course. But today these practices are reaching epidemic levels, and with a complicity on the part of the psychological profession that exceeds that of the past. The result is an enormous advertising and marketing onslaught that comprises, arguably, the largest single psychological project ever undertaken. Yet, this great undertaking remains largely ignored by the American Psychological Association.”[45] Robert McChesney calls it “the greatest concerted attempt at psychological manipulation in all of human history.”[46]
[edit] Dependency of the media and corporate censorship
Almost all mass media are advertising media and many of them are exclusively advertising media and, with the exception of public service broadcasting are privately owned. Their income is predominantly generated through advertising; in the case of newspapers and magazines from 50 to 80%. Public service broadcasting in some countries can also heavily depend on advertising as a source of income (up to 40%).[47] In the view of critics no media that spreads advertisements can be independent and the higher the proportion of advertising, the higher the dependency. This dependency has “distinct implications for the nature of media content…. In the business press, the media are often referred to in exactly the way they present themselves in their candid moments: as a branch of the advertising industry.”[48]
In addition, the private media are increasingly subject to mergers and concentration with property situations often becoming entangled and opaque. This development, which Henry A. Giroux calls an “ongoing threat to democratic culture”,[49] by itself should suffice to sound all alarms in a democracy. Five or six advertising agencies dominate this 400 billion U.S. dollar global industry.
“Journalists have long faced pressure to shape stories to suit advertisers and owners …. the vast majority of TV station executives found their news departments ‘cooperative’ in shaping the news to assist in ‘non-traditional revenue development.”[50] Negative and undesired reporting can be prevented or influenced when advertisers threaten to cancel orders or simply when there is a danger of such a cancellation. Media dependency and such a threat becomes very real when there is only one dominant or very few large advertisers. The influence of advertisers is not only in regard to news or information on their own products or services but expands to articles or shows not directly linked to them. In order to secure their advertising revenues the media has to create the best possible ‘advertising environment’. Another problem considered censorship by critics is the refusal of media to accept advertisements that are not in their interest. A striking example of this is the refusal of TV stations to broadcast ads by Adbusters. Groups try to place advertisements and are refused by networks.[51]
It is principally the viewing rates which decide upon the programme in the private radio and television business. “Their business is to absorb as much attention as possible. The viewing rate measures the attention the media trades for the information offered. The service of this attraction is sold to the advertising business”[35] and the viewing rates determine the price that can be demanded for advertising.
“Advertising companies determining the contents of shows has been part of daily life in the USA since 1933. Procter & Gamble (P&G) …. offered a radio station a history-making trade (today know as “bartering”): the company would produce an own show for “free” and save the radio station the high expenses for producing contents. Therefore the company would want its commercials spread and, of course, its products placed in the show. Thus, the series ‘Ma Perkins’ was created, which P&G skilfully used to promote Oxydol, the leading detergent brand in those years and the Soap opera was born …”[52]
While critics basically worry about the subtle influence of the economy on the media, there are also examples of blunt exertion of influence. The US company Chrysler, before it merged with Daimler Benz had its agency, PentaCom, send out a letter to numerous magazines, demanding them to send, an overview of all the topics before the next issue is published to “avoid potential conflict”. Chrysler most of all wanted to know, if there would be articles with “sexual, political or social” content or which could be seen as “provocative or offensive”. PentaCom executive David Martin said: “Our reasoning is, that anyone looking at a 22.000 $ product would want it surrounded by positive things. There is nothing positive about an article on child pornography.”[52] In another example, the „USA Network held top-level ‚off-the-record’ meetings with advertisers in 2000 to let them tell the network what type of programming content they wanted in order for USA to get their advertising.”[53] Television shows are created to accommodate the needs for advertising, e. g. splitting them up in suitable sections. Their dramaturgy is typically designed to end in suspense or leave an unanswered question in order to keep the viewer attached.
The movie system, at one time outside the direct influence of the broader marketing system, is now fully integrated into it through the strategies of licensing, tie-ins and product placements. The prime function of many Hollywood films today is to aid in the selling of the immense collection of commodities.[54] The press called the 2002 Bond film ‘Die Another Day’ featuring 24 major promotional partners an ‘ad-venture’ and noted that James Bond “now has been ‘licensed to sell’” As it has become standard practise to place products in motion pictures, it “has self-evident implications for what types of films will attract product placements and what types of films will therefore be more likely to get made”.[55]
Advertising and information are increasingly hard to distinguish from each other. “The borders between advertising and media …. become more and more blurred…. What August Fischer, chairman of the board of Axel Springer publishing company considers to be a ‘proven partnership between the media and advertising business’ critics regard as nothing but the infiltration of journalistic duties and freedoms”. According to RTL-executive Helmut Thoma “private stations shall not and cannot serve any mission but only the goal of the company which is the ‘acceptance by the advertising business and the viewer’. The setting of priorities in this order actually says everything about the ‘design of the programmes’ by private television.”[52] Patrick Le Lay, former managing director of TF1, a private French television channel with a market share of 25 to 35%, said: “There are many ways to talk about television. But from the business point of view, let’s be realistic: basically, the job of TF1 is, e. g. to help Coca Cola sell its product. (…) For an advertising message to be perceived the brain of the viewer must be at our disposal. The job of our programmes is to make it available, that is to say, to distract it, to relax it and get it ready between two messages. It is disposable human brain time that we sell to Coca Cola.”[56]
Because of these dependencies a widespread and fundamental public debate about advertising and its influence on information and freedom of speech is difficult to obtain, at least through the usual media channels; otherwise these would saw off the branch they are sitting on. “The notion that the commercial basis of media, journalism, and communication could have troubling implications for democracy is excluded from the range of legitimate debate” just as “capitalism is off-limits as a topic of legitimate debate in U.S. political culture”.[57]
An early critic of the structural basis of U.S. journalism was Upton Sinclair with his novel The Brass Check in which he stresses the influence of owners, advertisers, public relations, and economic interests on the media. In his book “Our Master’s Voice – Advertising” the social ecologist James Rorty (1890–1973) wrote: “The gargoyle’s mouth is a loudspeaker, powered by the vested interest of a two-billion dollar industry, and back of that the vested interests of business as a whole, of industry, of finance. It is never silent, it drowns out all other voices, and it suffers no rebuke, for it is not the voice of America? That is its claim and to some extent it is a just claim…”[58]
It has taught us how to live, what to be afraid of, what to be proud of, how to be beautiful, how to be loved, how to be envied, how to be successful.. Is it any wonder that the American population tends increasingly to speak, think, feel in terms of this jabberwocky? That the stimuli of art, science, religion are progressively expelled to the periphery of American life to become marginal values, cultivated by marginal people on marginal time?”[59]
[edit] The commercialisation of culture and sports
Performances, exhibitions, shows, concerts, conventions and most other events can hardly take place without sponsoring. The increasing lack arts and culture they buy the service of attraction. Artists are graded and paid according to their art’s value for commercial purposes. Corporations promote renown artists, therefore getting exclusive rights in global advertising campaigns. Broadway shows, like ‘La Bohème’ featured commercial props in its set.[60]
Advertising itself is extensively considered to be a contribution to culture. Advertising is integrated into fashion. On many pieces of clothing the company logo is the only design or is an important part of it. There is only little room left outside the consumption economy, in which culture and art can develop independently and where alternative values can be expressed. A last important sphere, the universities, is under strong pressure to open up for business and its interests.[61]
Inflatable billboard in front of a sports stadium
Competitive sports have become unthinkable without sponsoring and there is a mutual dependency. High income with advertising is only possible with a comparable number of spectators or viewers. On the other hand, the poor performance of a team or a sportsman results in less advertising revenues. Jürgen Hüther and Hans-Jörg Stiehler talk about a ‘Sports/Media Complex which is a complicated mix of media, agencies, managers, sports promoters, advertising etc. with partially common and partially diverging interests but in any case with common commercial interests. The media presumably is at centre stage because it can supply the other parties involved with a rare commodity, namely (potential) public attention. In sports “the media are able to generate enormous sales in both circulation and advertising.”[62]
“Sports sponsorship is acknowledged by the tobacco industry to be valuable advertising. A Tobacco Industry journal in 1994 described the Formula One car as ‘The most powerful advertising space in the world’. …. In a cohort study carried out in 22 secondary schools in England in 1994 and 1995 boys whose favourite television sport was motor racing had a 12.8% risk of becoming regular smokers compared to 7.0% of boys who did not follow motor racing.”[63]
Not the sale of tickets but transmission rights, sponsoring and merchandising in the meantime make up the largest part of sports association’s and sports club’s revenues with the IOC (International Olympic Committee) taking the lead. The influence of the media brought many changes in sports including the admittance of new ‘trend sports’ into the Olympic Games, the alteration of competition distances, changes of rules, animation of spectators, changes of sports facilities, the cult of sports heroes who quickly establish themselves in the advertising and entertaining business because of their media value[64] and last but not least, the naming and renaming of sport stadiums after big companies. “In sports adjustment into the logic of the media can contribute to the erosion of values such as equal chances or fairness, to excessive demands on athletes through public pressure and multiple exploitation or to deceit (doping, manipulation of results …). It is in the very interest of the media and sports to counter this danger because media sports can only work as long as sport exists.[64]
[edit] Occupation and commercialisation of public space
Every visually perceptible place has potential for advertising. Especially urban areas with their structures but also landscapes in sight of through fares are more and more turning into media for advertisements. Signs, posters, billboards, flags have become decisive factors in the urban appearance and their numbers are still on the increase. “Outdoor advertising has become unavoidable. Traditional billboards and transit shelters have cleared the way for more pervasive methods such as wrapped vehicles, sides of buildings, electronic signs, kiosks, taxis, posters, sides of buses, and more. Digital technologies are used on buildings to sport ‘urban wall displays’. In urban areas commercial content is placed in our sight and into our consciousness every moment we are in public space. The German Newspaper ‘Zeit’ called it a new kind of ‘dictatorship that one cannot escape’.[21] Over time, this domination of the surroundings has become the “natural” state. Through long-term commercial saturation, it has become implicitly understood by the public that advertising has the right to own, occupy and control every inch of available space. The steady normalization of invasive advertising dulls the public’s perception of their surroundings, re-enforcing a general attitude of powerlessness toward creativity and change, thus a cycle develops enabling advertisers to slowly and consistently increase the saturation of advertising with little or no public outcry.”[65]
The massive optical orientation toward advertising changes the function of public spaces which are utilised by brands. Urban landmarks are turned into trademarks. The highest pressure is exerted on renown and highly frequented public spaces which are also important for the identity of a city (e. g. Piccadilly Circus, Times Square, Alexanderplatz). Urban spaces are public commodities and in this capacity they are subject to “aesthetical environment protection”, mainly through building regulations, heritage protection and landscape protection. “It is in this capacity that these spaces are now being privatised. They are peppered with billboards and signs, they are remodelled into media for advertising.”[34][35]
[edit] Socio-cultural aspects: sexism, discrimination and stereotyping
“Advertising has an “agenda setting function” which is the ability, with huge sums of money, to put consumption as the only item on the agenda. In the battle for a share of the public conscience this amounts to non-treatment (ignorance) of whatever is not commercial and whatever is not advertised for. Advertising should be reflection of society norms and give clear picture of target market. Spheres without commerce and advertising serving the muses and relaxation remain without respect.[neutrality is disputed] With increasing force advertising makes itself comfortable in the private sphere so that the voice of commerce becomes the dominant way of expression in society.”[66] Advertising critics see advertising as the leading light in our culture. Sut Jhally and James Twitchell go beyond considering advertising as kind of religion and that advertising even replaces religion as a key institution.[67]
“Corporate advertising (or commercial media) is the largest single psychological project ever undertaken by the human race. Yet for all of that, its impact on us remains unknown and largely ignored. When I think of the media’s influence over years, over decades, I think of those brainwashing experiments conducted by Dr. Ewen Cameron in a Montreal psychiatric hospital in the 1950s (see MKULTRA). The idea of the CIA-sponsored “depatterning” experiments was to outfit conscious, unconscious or semiconscious subjects with headphones, and flood their brains with thousands of repetitive “driving” messages that would alter their behaviour over time….Advertising aims to do the same thing.”[25]
Advertising is especially aimed at young people and children and it increasingly reduces young people to consumers.[49] For Sut Jhally it is not “surprising that something this central and with so much being expended on it should become an important presence in social life. Indeed, commercial interests intent on maximizing the consumption of the immense collection of commodities have colonized more and more of the spaces of our culture. For instance, almost the entire media system (television and print) has been developed as a delivery system for marketers its prime function is to produce audiences for sale to advertisers. Both the advertisements it carries, as well as the editorial matter that acts as a support for it, celebrate the consumer society. The movie system, at one time outside the direct influence of the broader marketing system, is now fully integrated into it through the strategies of licensing, tie-ins and product placements. The prime function of many Hollywood films today is to aid in the selling of the immense collection of commodities. As public funds are drained from the non-commercial cultural sector, art galleries, museums and symphonies bid for corporate sponsorship.”[54] In the same way effected is the education system and advertising is increasingly penetrating schools and universities. Cities, such as New York, accept sponsors for public playgrounds. “Even the pope has been commercialized … The pope’s 4-day visit to Mexico in …1999 was sponsored by Frito-Lay and PepsiCo.[68] The industry is accused of being one of the engines powering a convoluted economic mass production system which promotes consumption. As far as social effects are concerned it does not matter whether advertising fuels consumption but which values, patterns of behaviour and assignments of meaning it propagates. Advertising is accused of hijacking the language and means of pop culture, of protest movements and even of subversive criticism and does not shy away from scandalizing and breaking taboos (e. g. Benneton). This in turn incites counter action, what Kalle Lasn in 2001 called ‘’Jamming the Jam of the Jammers”. Anything goes. “It is a central social-scientific question what people can be made to do by suitable design of conditions and of great practical importance. For example, from a great number of experimental psychological experiments it can be assumed, that people can be made to do anything they are capable of, when the according social condition can be created.”[69]
Advertising often uses stereotype gender specific roles of men and women reinforcing existing clichés and it has been criticized as “inadvertently or even intentionally promoting sexism, racism, and ageism… At very least, advertising often reinforces stereotypes by drawing on recognizable “types” in order to tell stories in a single image or 30 second time frame.”[38] Activities are depicted as typical male or female (stereotyping). In addition people are reduced to their sexuality or equated with commodities and gender specific qualities are exaggerated. Sexualized female bodies, but increasingly also males, serve as eye-catchers. In advertising it is usually a woman being depicted as
- servants of men and children that react to the demands and complaints of their loved ones with a bad conscience and the promise for immediate improvement (wash, food)
- a sexual or emotional play toy for the self-affirmation of men
- a technically totally clueless being (almost always male) that can only manage a childproof operation
- female expert, but stereotype from the fields of fashion, cosmetics, food or at the most, medicine
- as ultra thin, slim, and very skinny.
- doing ground-work for others, e. g. serving coffee while a journalist interviews a politician[70]
A large portion of advertising deals with promotion of products that pertain to the “ideal body image.” This is mainly targeted toward women, and, in the past, this type of advertising was aimed nearly exclusively at women. Women in advertisements are generally portrayed as good-looking women who are in good health. This, however, is not the case of the average woman. Consequently, they give a negative message of body image to the average woman. Because of the media, girls and women who are overweight, and otherwise “normal” feel almost obligated to take care of themselves and stay fit. They feel under high pressure to maintain an acceptable bodyweight and take care of their health. Consequences of this are low self-esteem,eating disorders, self mutilations, and beauty operations for those women that just cannot bring themselves eat right or get the motivation to go to the gym. The EU parliament passed a resolution in 2008 that advertising may not be discriminating and degrading. This shows that politicians are increasingly concerned about the negative impacts of advertising. However, the benefits of promoting overall health and fitness are often overlooked. Men are also negatively portrayed as incompetent and the butt of every joke in advertising.
[edit] Children and adolescents as target groups
The children’s market, where resistance to advertising is weakest, is the “pioneer for ad creep”.[71] “Kids are among the most sophisticated observers of ads. They can sing the jingles and identify the logos, and they often have strong feelings about products. What they generally don’t understand, however, are the issues that underlie how advertising works. Mass media are used not only to sell goods but also ideas: how we should behave, what rules are important, who we should respect and what we should value.”[72] Youth is increasingly reduced to the role of a consumer. Not only the makers of toys, sweets, ice cream, breakfast food and sport articles prefer to aim their promotion at children and adolescents. For example, an ad for a breakfast cereal on a channel aimed at adults will have music that is a soft ballad, whereas on a channel aimed at children, the same ad will use a catchy rock jingle of the same so
About the Author
Dr. Wily prepares for Mega Man 11 in WarioWare DIY
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Receipt Wallet
Receipt Wallet
How To Choose Wallets
Wallets are one of the storage devices people consider indispensable because it is keeping your money safe and in orders, you don’t need to search all your pockets for finding your cash when the waiter is staring you in the face. People usually pay a great deal of attention to the functions of a wallet before they decide to purchase one. However, even if your wallet is made from leather, which has been using for a long time, at some points you will have to consider that if you should replace it for a newer one. But search for a good wallet is not an easy job as we all know that it is really depends on many factors such as life style, objectives and personal preference. Besides, some other factors, from the wallet’s design and style to its materials, size and functions, has a particular significance.
The very first thing that you have to think about is the size and the design of a wallet. You should choose one that is easy to carry but can contain all your gadgets and cards as well. So you have to think about how many things you want to put in your wallet.
Then, material is also very important. Most people prefer leather wallets, because they have extreme durability and feel more comfortable, and the tactility of its texture is rather good.
Here is a recommendable one: Magic Wallet Set Of 2
It can instantly secure cash, parking stubs and receipts. With this wallet, you can take so many gadgets, but without having a big bulky wallet. It is only 3/8″ thick, made of leather and has 4 credit card compartments and sturdy ribbon straps that hold receipts and cash securely in place, inside and out.
The most attractive part is that it can incredibly secure whatever you put into it. Just open and place LOOSE receipt inside, and CLOSE, then open again and PRESTO, your receipt is tightly secured!
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About the Author
Tina Black, see me more on my website and blog.
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Receipt Book
Receipt Book
What is a Book Publishing Agreement?
A book publishing agreement is a document or contract that a writer signs with a publisher before their work can be put into print and distributed in different media. Getting such a book contract is probably on every author’s wish list.
Not all clauses in such contracts may work out to your advantage. You cannot rely on your agent to make all decisions, especially if you are placing your own rights at stake. Fully understanding your publishing agreement will ensure you remain in control with your endeavors.
1. RIGHTS
First, look for what rights belong to you in your contract. Examine the clauses closely instead of skimming through them. If you have any doubts, do not hesitate to consult a lawyer or your agent or publisher.
Standard publishing agreements usually forces the author to assign or license all printing rights to the publisher. Subsidiary rights — such as foreign sales, book clubs, film, audio — are usually included. Except for the rights to printing, you can negotiate all of these rights.
Retain as many secondary rights as possible. After all, you never know when you’ll get a better deal from a different publisher for film and foreign sales. If you retain such subsidiary rights, you will gain financially more, of course.
2. ROYALTIES
Closely examine the royalties in your contract, especially if you plan to make a living from your writing. Royalties are always a negotiable clause.
The rate of your royalties is a sliding price point and depends if your book is hardcover, paperback, trade paperback, or a combination. The book’s genre — nonfiction, fiction or professional textbook — will also determine prices and percentages for royalties.
Understand the implications of the different formulas for pricing (retail price, invoice price or net receipts) so you can understand the proposed royalty rates. If the publisher retains subsidiary rights, all net receipts should be split equally with you, the author.
At this point, don’t hesitate to consult an expert if you are confused. Do not rely too much on the publisher’s generosity, and always be wise in dealing with the financial aspects of your transactions.
3. COMPENSATIONS AND WARRANTIES
These types of clauses in your contract are often legal-heavy. In fact, many authors, agents and editors may not always have a full grasp of what they include in them.
These paragraphs state the respective responsibilities of each party, including what claims they can make against the book, such as defamation, invasion of privacy or copyright infringement.
Aside from the publisher’s lawyers, you should appoint your own legal council to peruse the terms and conditions. Have a lawyer carefully examine your contract to ensure full protection.
4. OPTION CLAUSES
Some clauses in your contract may grant the publisher rights to either make an offer or buy your next book. Do not accept such option clauses. If you cannot remove such an option clause entirely, then negotiate so it doesn’t impose a real burden on you.
One way to negotiate such option clauses is to establish a limited period in which the publisher can bid on your next book, and permits you to sell your next book to a different publisher who offers a better deal.
5. REVISIONS AND UPDATED EDITIONS
Clauses on revisions only apply to nonfiction books. Make sure your contract allows you to update your contract if your publisher revises your contract extensively. Also make sure your contract contains a clause that places a cap on how often the publisher requires you to revise your book over a certain period of time.
6. OUT OF PRINT CLAUSES
In the worst-case scenario, your book may not become successful under your current publishing company and they may lose interest. If this happens, your contract grants you the rights to your book, and you can re-publish it with another publisher.
Make sure the contract clearly defines the “out-of-print” terms. Ideally, your book becomes “out-of-print” when the publisher’s catalog no longer lists your book, or your publisher withdraws your book from major book chains.
Remember to be smart in dealing with the legal aspects of your publishing agreement. Never hesitate to ask for professional legal help when you need to understand any part of your contract. Your decisions here will determine the success of your writing career as a book author.
About the Author
Brian Scott is founder of
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Receipt Maker
Receipt Maker
What Any Decision Maker Needs to Know About Patent Protection
What Any Decision Maker Needs to Know about Patent Protection
Richard Neifeld, Ph.D., Patent Attorney and Robert Crockett, P.E., Patent Attorney
I. Introduction
This paper explains the basic information a decision maker needs to know regarding patents. There are certain concepts the understanding of which is a prerequisite for this topic. Those concepts are provided in section II. Section III relates patents to countries. Sections IV and V explain the legal requirements for getting patents and how long patents last. Section VI discusses patent treaties. Section VII provides ballpark cost estimates for acquiring patents.
II. Prerequisite Definitions
The term “property right,” also called “ownership of property,” means the right to exclude others from using the property. Property was historically classified as either land or personal, personal property encompassing all property other than land.
The term “intangibles” means rights that are not land or tangible personal property. Intangibles include contractual rights, good will, and intellectual property.
The term “intellectual property” means property rights in certain intangibles, such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights.
Assignment means transfer of ownership of property. (For basic information on invention ownership issues, see http://www.neifeld.com/introart3.html.)
A patent is a property right that has the attributes of personal property. Those attributes include the ability to be bought sold (assigned), and licensed. Like all property, its exclusive right can be enforced. Enforcement of any property right includes the right to sue in a court for (1) damages and (2) an injunction to stop unauthorized use of the property.
There are different kinds of patents, including utility patents, design patents, plant patents, utility models, architectural design rights, and circuit architecture rights. This paper will describe only the most commercially important, which are utility patents.
Utility patents provide a property right to things having an industrial utility, including products, and processes of making and using products. Under current U.S. law, products include computers programmed to perform a useful function, including, for example, a business accounting function, and methods of using include computers running such programs. European law currently does not allow patents on accounting functions, also referred to as business method patents. On the issue of business method patents, Japan’s law is currently somewhere in between that of the U.S. and Europe.
The exclusive right is defined by the claims and the disclosure of a patent. What the claims cover is called subject matter. That is, claims define or delimit “subject matter” to which the patentee has an exclusive right.
Unauthorized use of an intellectual property right is called infringement. Remedies for infringement typically include damages (money equivalent to the harm caused to the owner of the patent by the past infringement) and injunctions (a court order forcing the infringer to stop his infringing activity).
A specification is a written description, often including figures, of subject matter sought to be patented, such as an invention. I try to limit the use of the word “invention” in this paper because it is in many senses mis-descriptive of what a patent can protect.
A filing date is the date that a national or international patent office recognizes its receipt of an application filed in that office.
Prior art means knowledge generally known by other than the patent applicants prior to when the applicants made their discovery or invention. This is a generally applicable definition in the sense that there are several exceptions and fine points that vary from country to country. One major exception is that almost all countries other than the U.S. define the date of discovery or invention claimed in the patent application as the filing date of the application, not an earlier date when work leading to the discovery or invention was done.
III. Who Grants a Patent and Where is Each Patent Enforceable
Generally speaking, patent rights are granted by nations. Each patent is only enforceable in the nation in which it is granted. There are some international treaties that extend the one patent per nation concept. Europe, for example, has one agency, the European Patent Office, that grants European patents. There are a few other such regional patenting authorities, one for the states of the former Soviet Union, and one for certain states in Africa.
Currently, there is no international patent. That is, there is no single patent granted by any patenting authority that is legally enforceable everywhere. However, a world patent has been discussed for decades, and international organizations are making incremental progress towards such an international patenting system. Don’t hold your breath, though. Most people in the patent business expect no international patent in the near future. Also, see below regarding international treaties that ease the burden of obtaining a patent on one invention in many countries.
IV. How Long Are Patents Enforceable
Generally speaking, patent are enforceable for twenty years from when the application for the patent is filed. There are of course exceptions and variations from country to country and application to application.
V. What are the Core Conditions for Obtaining a Patent on Anything
A. The Substantive Requirements for Obtaining a Patent
The core requirements worldwide for obtaining a utility patent are (1) that the thing is useful and (2) that the thing is novel. There is a third requirement, which is referred to as either the “inventive step” or the “non-obviousness” requirement, which generally means that the thing being patented would not have been readily apparent or immediately obvious to someone working in that technology field. The U.S. applies the non-obviousness standard. Europe applies the “inventive step” standard. (The U.S. has imposed an additional requirement, called the “best mode” requirement, but that is a technicality not relevant to the purpose of this paper.)
B. The Procedural Requirements for Obtaining a Patent
The process of obtaining a patent includes the steps of preparing and filing an application for the thing to be patented, prosecuting the patent to issuance, and paying applicable government fees. While this sounds simple, it definitely is not. The preparation of a quality disclosure for a patent application is essential to the government eventually granting the patent and the resulting patent being legally enforceable and therefore accorded respect by potential business competitors.
Generally speaking, the specification must include a sufficient description to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to which it pertains to make and use the claimed subject matter in order for the application to result in a patent. This is generally true in all countries that issue utility patents. In addition, in the U.S., the specification must also disclose the best mode that the inventor had in mind for making and using the invention at the time of filing of the application.
Failing any of the substantive or procedural requirements can fatally flaw the attempt to obtain a patent.
VI. Treaties that Facilitate Obtaining Patents in More than One Country on the Same Thing
There are currently two mechanisms to facilitate extending patent protection on something to more than one country. They are the Paris Convention and the Patent Cooperation treaty.
A. The Paris Convention
The Paris Convention’s core feature is that it allows the filing of a patent application in a second country that is a member of the Convention to be accorded the filing date of an earlier filed application filed in a first country. That allows a patent applicant to file the application in one country, and then to have copies of the filed application sent to agents in other countries for filing there. The Paris Convention has a time limit of one year (for utility patents). That is, the subsequently filed applications in the other countries must be filed within 1 year of the first filed application in the first country, to be accorded the earlier filing date. This right is incredibly important because, in most countries, public disclosure of the subject matter of a patent application prior to filing the application is an absolute bar to obtaining a patent for that subject matter. The Paris Convention allows the applicant to file a single patent application in one country, and then publicly disclose and sell products and processes disclosed in the application without automatically losing the right to a similar patent in the other countries that are members of the Paris Convention. Almost all countries of industrial/commercial significance are members of the Paris Convention. The Paris Convention has been in existence since about 1900 CE.
B. The Patent Cooperation Treaty
The Patent Cooperation Treaty goes one step beyond the Paris Convention. The Patent Cooperation Treaty allows a patent applicant to legally effect filing in every country that is member to the PCT by filing a single application, a PCT application, in any country that is a member of the PCT. The PCT application, however, will not issue into an international patent. Instead, if the applicant decides to obtain a patent in a country from the PCT application, the applicant must still file and pay for the “national stage proceeding” of the PCT application in that country. The benefits of filing a PCT application instead of national stage applications are (1) the PCT application allows for a minimum of 30 months to file “national stage” application during which time the applicant has no substantial patent related costs, (2) the PCT application reduces the formalities and costs required in filing applications in multiple countries, and (3) the PCT application process can provide an initial indication (prior to the 30 month period just noted) regarding the likelihood that the subject matter of the application is patentable so that the applicant can make an informed financial decision regarding cost/benefit of paying for the national stage proceedings in any country. Almost all industrially significant countries are members of the PCT. There are still some exceptions, like Thailand. The PCT has been in existence since the 1970′s and it has been tremendously effective, with tens of thousands of PCT applications now filed annually.
The PCT incorporates the Paris Convention. What this means is that a PCT application can claim Paris Convention priority to an earlier patent application. Therefore, a patent applicant can, for example, first file an application for a U.S. patent. Then, the applicant can file a PCT application which legally has the U.S. patent application’s priority date because of the Paris Convention. Then, the applicant can enter the PCT national stage in selected countries, for example, selecting the United States, China, Japan, Europe, and Korea for PCT national stage proceedings, and not selecting (and thereby abandoning patent protection in) all other countries.
C. Other Treaties Facilitating Obtaining National Patents
Europe has the European Patent Convention. The former Soviet Union has the Eurasian Patent Convention. Some African national have the OAPI treaty.
The EPC allows a single application to issue into a single European patent. However, generally speaking, that European patent is currently not enforceable in any European country unless the granted patent has been translated and filed in the country’s national patent office within 3 months of the date of grant of the European patent. Hence, the substantial translation and national agent costs, and annuities costs, also exist for European countries. The other two treaties are currently of negligible importance.
VII. Costs and Cost/Benefit
No one can file a patent for an invention in all countries of the world. Anyone that thinks they can is fooling themself. Consider the following rough outline of costs. These costs estimates are ball park, and generally independent of country.
Initially, there is the cost of any determination whether to file a patent application (internal corporate patent committee review, patent prior art search and evaluation). Next, there is the cost of drafting a patent specification, claims, and figures. That currently ranges for typically patent applications from three to twenty thousand dollars, depending upon the importance of the invention, technological complication, budget, etc. Most of that cost is the cost of drafting the specification and claims, typical a few tens of hours of attorney time. There is the government cost of filing the application, which typically ranges between one and three thousand dollars. That is the cost to file a first application.
Consider now the cost to file Paris Convention or PCT national stage equivalents. This cost includes the foreign agent’s docketing and filing charges, typically one to two thousand dollars, and the foreign government’s filing fees, typically one to two thousand dollars. That is per country. If, however, the target country does not accept filings in the language in which the specification was originally drafted, then include the cost of a professional translator skilled in patent translations. That ranges from 0.20 to 0.40 cents per word. For a 50 page specification having 300 words per page at one and one half line spacing (15,000 words total), that will cost three to six thousand dollars. If you have a 100 page specification, double that value. If you have a 200 page specification, triple that value.
You have now considered the cost to get the application on file. Add to that the cost of complying with each government patent office’s formalities requirements, and responding to each government patent office’s examiner’s review and rejections or requirements, including both the foreign agent’s fees and the national agent’s fees.
Now add in each government’s charges for granting the application, the foreign agent’s charges for paying for the grant, typically about two thousand dollars, the costs for your national agent to handle those transactions, and then the foreign government annuities, the costs for the foreign agent to track and pay those fees, and the cost for your national agent to track report to you, and pass along your instructions. The foreign government annuities vary from country to country, the determination of the date on which they are due varies from country to country, and the fees typically increase from about one hundred dollars the first year to over a thousand dollars near the end of the 20 year patent term. The foreign agent’s fees depend upon the magnitude of the government fees but are never less than about one hundred dollars.
All of the foregoing assumes that no one challenges your patent application via an opposition proceeding or the like. Any proceeding involving more than just the patent application and the government will increase by tenfold the costs for that country, and impact the costs in the other countries as well.
Thus, to file for, obtain, and maintain a patent for something in all countries of the world would cost millions of dollars. Given those constraints, any patent applicant must make cost/benefit analyses to determine in whether and in which countries to seek patents. Moreover, the cost benefit analysis and timing of incurring costs in the patenting process are substantially influenced by the procedures (national, Paris, PCT, and EPC filings) used to obtain patent protection.
VIII. Further Information
This article has discussed some of the basics of patent law that every decision maker needs to know. Additional articles and resources on patent law and intellectual property can be found at www.neifeld.com.
About the Author
Rick Neifeld is a Ph.D. (in Physics) patent attorney and managing partner and President of Neifeld IP Law, PC, whose URL is www.Neifeld.com. Neifeld IP Law is located near the USPTO, and it specializes in U.S. and international patent protect ion, licensing, advise, and counseling, and specialty matters at the USPTO. Rick is also a patent interference practitioner, former Chair of the Interference Committee of the AIPLA, and co-owner of the patent related services provided at www.PatentValuePredictor.com.
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PanaVise Model 201 Junior Miniature Vise $22.50 The PanaVise 201 “Junior” miniature vise is a combination of quality workmanship and durability, ease of adjustment and available accessories. Designed for use in small projects requiring precise soldering, gluing and tool work, the 201 Junior miniature vise features tilt adjustability up to 210-degrees along with 360-degree turns and rotations, fine and course clamping abilities, grooved jaws… |
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Brother QL-570 Professional Label Printer $49.00 BROTHER INTERNATIONAL CORPORAT QL-570 – LABEL PRINTER – MONOCHROME – DIRECT THERMAL – UP TO 68 LABELS/MIN – 600 Manufacturer : BROTHER INTERNATIONAL CORPORAT UPC : 012502618843… |
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Zebra LP2844 Thermal Label Printer $278.00 … |
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Photo Jigsaw Puzzle of Bill From Saddler/1861 from Mary Evans $29.99 Photo Puzzle, BILL FROM SADDLER/1861. A receipt from John Speir, saddler and harness maker with a horse motif . Chosen by Mary Evans. 10×14 Photo Puzzle with 252 pieces. Packed in black cardboard box of dimensions 5 5/8 x 7 5/8 x 1 1/5. Puzzle image 5×7 affixed to box top. Puzzle pieces printed on RA4 paper at 300 dpi. This item is shipped from our American lab…. |
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Photo Jigsaw Puzzle of William Mcadam Bill 1861 from Mary Evans $29.99 Photo Puzzle, WILLIAM MCADAM BILL 1861. William McAdam, potter and bottle maker, of Glasgow . Chosen by Mary Evans. 10×14 Photo Puzzle with 252 pieces. Packed in black cardboard box of dimensions 5 5/8 x 7 5/8 x 1 1/5. Puzzle image 5×7 affixed to box top. Puzzle pieces printed on RA4 paper at 300 dpi. This item is shipped from our American lab…. |
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Dymo LabelWriter DUO 300dpi 55 labels per minute Label Printer; 180dpi D1 tape Label Printer (69220) $79.99 DYM1752267 Features: -Post-Consumer Recycled Content Percent [Nom]: 0 pct.-Height [Nom]: 7.20 in.-Operating System Compatibility: Mac OS 10.2.8 and Later, Windows 2000, XP, Vista.-Depth [Nom]: 7.80 in.-Width [Nom]: 5 1/2 in.-Connectivity: USB.-Maximum Tape/Label Width [Nom]: 2 7/16 in.-Maximum Resolution (Dpi): 600 x 300 DPI.-Pre-Consumer Recycled Content Percent [Nom]: 0 pct.-Power Source(s): AC… |
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Avery 8127 – Shipping Labels with Paper Receipt, 5-1/6 x 7-5/8, White, 25/Pack-AVE8127 $13.39 Print postage directly from your desk. Unique sheet construction combines a half sheet label with a half sheet of paper. Takes only one pass through your printer to produce a paper receipt and shipping label. Features TrueBlock Technology to completely cover everything underneath, so you can reuse boxes and envelopes over and over again. Easy to use and works with major internet postal service sof… |
Receipt Rolls
Receipt Rolls
yesterday evening i bought a mouldy roll from sainsbury’s. What compensation do you think i should get?
It was a pack of four which was reduced as it was going off that day. I had eaten an entire roll befor i noticed. I feel sickened. It tasted a bit funny but i thought that was because it was a soya and linseed roll, which i haven’t had before. I thought the soya might make it taste horrible but ive just gone on a diet so i ate it just because it was healthy. I was hoping to get about £50 in vouchers from them. Is this too low or high? I have no idea what the most people can get is in circumstanses like this. I don’t want to settle for too little. ps. the other rolls are now very mouldy after being left overnight and i have the receipt etc
I think you should get your money back on the rolls. After all, you intentionally purchased old bread. Mold is a obvious risk on old bread and would not represent negligence on their part. You might be able to talk them into a voucher, but I don’t think you are entitled to anything. Even a refund would be generous since you did purchase the rolls on a discount rack. Just go talk to the manager and see what he offers.
Jerry Hobby
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Verifone P220 2 Ply Paper (48 Roll Case) $54.50 Replacement Paper for Verifone P220 Printer – Price per 48 rolls. Paper roll specs. Width. 3in Length. 95ft… |
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4PK 3600dz Receipt Roll 4 Pack 3600dz Receipt Roll, 2-3/4″ Width x 3.03″ Outer Diameter x 194′ Length, .45″ Inside Core Diameter, Single Ply, Fits Many Common Pos Printer Models From IBM: 36801, 802, 803, 1201, 3653, 3663, 3683, 3684, 4683, 4684, Epson Tm-925, Tm-950, Ncr 7162, Tec Fds30, Fds50, Fds100, Fds200, Plus Other Point-Of-Sale Printers, Ecr’s, Adding Machines & Calculators Requiring 2-3/4″ Wide Paper…. |
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50 3 Bond POS/Cash Register/Receipt Tape Paper Rolls $33.50 … |
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Universal 35715GN – Adding Machine/Calculator Roll, 16 lb, 2-1/4 x 130 ft, White, 12/Pack-UNV35715GN $11.78 Universal Single-Ply Adding Machine and Calculator Receipt Rolls. Size: 2 1/4 x 130 ft; Paper Color(s): White; Paper Weight: 16 lbs.; Sheets Per Unit: N/A…. |
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Thermal Recpt Printer Dual Interface Black USB On Board $226.99 Item #: J79582. A printing speed of up to 200mm per second make the SRP-350plus one of the fastest cash desk printers in the world! Still, speed is not everything the SRP-350plus excels in-reliability and useful features like an on-board USB 2.0 interface that can be combined with an additional interface when required. Additionally, the printer can print vouchers and receipts in high-quality two-c… |
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DYMO LabelWriter 450 Turbo High-Speed Postage and Label Printer for PC and Mac, USB, Printer and Software, Black/Silver (1752265) $98.99 Print faster – and print postage. Print 60+ label layouts at speeds up to 71 labels per minute. PLUS print USPS-approved DYMO Stamps postage. Comes with starter roll of DYMO Stamps postage labels!. Package Includes: LabelWriter 450 Turbo, Software, USB Cable, Cleaning Card, AC Power Adapter & Cable, User Guide, Quick Start Guide, Starter Roll of address labels and starter roll of DYMO Stamps label… |
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Brother QL-570 Professional Label Printer $49.00 BROTHER INTERNATIONAL CORPORAT QL-570 – LABEL PRINTER – MONOCHROME – DIRECT THERMAL – UP TO 68 LABELS/MIN – 600 Manufacturer : BROTHER INTERNATIONAL CORPORAT UPC : 012502618843… |
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Sharp Electronics XEA106 Cash Register $61.49 Simple to use and program this register is the perfect partner for small business and shop owners. Large display with high-contrast LED. One sheet drum printing for reliable heavy-duty use. Automatic tax system includes two tax tables and four add-ons. Key mode switch for advanced security. Flash reporting provides up-to-date sales analyses. Display Type(s): LED Register Departments: 8 Clerk Total… |
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Visioneer Roadwarrior Scanner
Visioneer Roadwarrior Scanner
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Visioneer RoadWarrior Mobile 600 DPI USB Scanner (RW120-WU) $139.91 The Visioneer RoadWarrior is the perfect companion for the mobile professional. Weighing just 10.6 ounces, it produces fast and easy 36-bit color scans to organize all of your receipts, business cards, documents and photos up to 600 dpi in all major file formats including searchable PDF. The RoadWarrior packs easily in a laptop bag and is powered by the USB port to scan wherever AC power is unavai… |
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Visioneer Strobe XP 100 Mobile 600 DPI USB Scanner with One Touch Technology (SXP1001-DB) $106.00 The Strobe XP 100 is the perfect companion for the mobile executive. Use it to scan and organize all of your documents, photos, articles, brochures, and business cards. Packs easily in a laptop bag. Powered by the USB port to scan anywhere…. |
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Visioneer Strobe XP 200 Sheetfed scanner (Windows) $129.43 Visioneer Strobe XP 200 Sheetfed Scanner SXP2001D-WU Sheetfed Scanners… |
Receipt Printer Thermal
Receipt Printer Thermal
Guide to receipt printer types
There are numerous types of receipt printing technology in the market today but which type is suitable for your business? This article covers the common types and explains which environment works best with each technology.
There are 3 main types of receipt printer
Thermal receipt printer
Thermal printers are now the most popular choice of receipt printer as they are often the most reliable and easy to use as they do not require any ink or ribbons. The technology relies upon chemically treated paper that is sensitive to heat. The printer heats the paper via holes in the print head to create text and graphics. Thermal printers are also regarded as the fastest type of receipt printer printing up to 250mm second making them very suitable to fast turnover environments such as supermarkets and high street retail.
Thermal receipts have one weakness due to their design as they fade very quickly in sunlight and can actually turn black if exposed to direct heat. Thermal receipts are therefore unreliable for businesses that require their receipts to remain readable for long periods of time due to regulations. Dual colour can be obtained by some models at the higher end of the market with special paper but the results can be disappointing and the technology is rarely used at present.
Thermal receipt printers are generally recommended for high turnover/ general retail and hospitality front of house.
Impact printers
This type of printer generally requires a ribbon which holds the ink like a typewriter and uses an impact mechanism that stamps the characters through the ribbon onto the paper. There are some models that can use paper that contain microcapsules of ink which burst upon impact and hence do not require ribbons but these are in small numbers and generally restricted to payment devices. Impact printers are easy identifiable as they are considerably noisier that other types of printer and are generally considerably slower than thermal printers. Impact printers are commonly the type that offers models with a two and three ply paper or a second roll for audit purposes. In recent years and in most environments this type of printer has been superseded by thermal printers due to their speed and lack of a need for consumables other than paper.
In certain markets impact printers remain dominant as in the banking and gaming industries. Kitchens in retardants and pubs tend to use impact printers as the receipts can not be erased by the heat. Some industries such as banking and gaming have regulations regarding certain types of receipts and about the length of time receipts are required to remain readable. Ink based receipts last considerably longer than thermal receipts and is therefore used by these industries as standard. It is worth noting that ribbons come in different colours such as purple, black, red and dual red/black with the latter ribbon being used to highlight certain transactions types such as refunds in red.
Impact receipt printers are recommended for kitchens, banking, gaming, and low turnover retail and hospitality environments.
Inkjet receipt printers.
Inkjet printers are regarded as the successor to impact printers as they also use ink but they offer a superior printing quality. Most inkjet printers allow printing via ink cartridges in two colours with normally a mix of black, green, red and blue. Businesses spend a great deal of time and resources on brand recognition and using colour is a popular way of doing this. The technology can also be put to great use by printing colourful advertising or promotions on the receipt thus generating return visits from the customers.
In reality the take up of inkjet receipt printers has been minimal. This is due to the perception that changing ink carts at the cash and wrap could be difficult and that the printers operate at a much slower speed than thermal printers. Inkjet receipt printers do however offer the same longer lasting receipts as impact printers making them suitable for most business types.
Inkjet receipt printers are recommended for low turnover retail, banks and gaming industry.
Manufacturers. So what brand should I go for?
This market is well serviced by numerous manufacturers with a wealth of choice and price range. As with many markets there is a huge influx of far eastern models at rock bottom prices. As with most things that you purchase, you get what you pay for and it is worth noting that with the major manufacturers you tend to get better products that last longer and receive better support if something goes wrong. Remember if your receipt printer stops working you will find it very difficult to trade. The general rule is the higher turnover your business achieves the better the receipt printer you should invest in.
Anything else?
Remember that the receipt printer you choose has to work with the software and hardware that you are going be using. Firstly check with the software supplier which brands and models the software supports. Also check that the printer you intend to buy has drivers for the operating system that you are going to be using. Lastly, ensure the printer has the right interface for the hardware that you are going to be using. Common interfaces are USB, Serial and parallel however Bluetooth and wireless are quickly gaining ground.
About the Author
Mike Leary has been in the business of maximising the best out of receipts and till rolls from the start of his career many moons ago. Having worked for major retailers, solution providers and printer manufacturers he shares his knowledge in this popular complete guide to paper rolls. Claim it here now for free =>
http://www.rolldepot.co.uk
Bematech MP-4000
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Samsung Bixolon SRP-350plusC Receipt Printer – Monochrome – Direct Thermal – 200 mm/s Mono – 180 dpi – USB, Serial $251.90 A high printing speed make the SRP-350plusC is one of the fastest cash desk printers in the world. Still, speed is not everything the new SRP-350plusC excels in reliability. Additionally, the printer can print vouchers and receipts in high quality…. |
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Sp742md Impact Friction Cut $247.03 SP742 is one of the fastest matrix receipt printer on the market today with improved hardware design as well as sophisticated software features for a truly advanced printing solution whatever the application… |
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4- call button panel, gf/gh $18.37 4- call button panel, gf/gh… |
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Zebra LP2844 Thermal Label Printer $278.00 … |
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Star TSP143, USB, Future Print $204.01 pTSP143U Receipt Printer is the first All-in-One receipt printer on the market today!. The advantage of TSP143U Receipt Printer is evident for applications such as retail, restaurants, and convenience stores. TSP143U Receipt Printer is provided with all standard operating system drivers (Windows, Linux and Mac) and specialty drivers such as OPOS and JPOS. Star has also included a number of embedde… |
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Thermal printer model: POS-5870 with power supply black $50.69 Features: – Print method Line thermal |
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DYMO LabelWriter 450 Turbo High-Speed Postage and Label Printer for PC and Mac, USB, Printer and Software, Black/Silver (1752265) $98.99 Print faster – and print postage. Print 60+ label layouts at speeds up to 71 labels per minute. PLUS print USPS-approved DYMO Stamps postage. Comes with starter roll of DYMO Stamps postage labels!. Package Includes: LabelWriter 450 Turbo, Software, USB Cable, Cleaning Card, AC Power Adapter & Cable, User Guide, Quick Start Guide, Starter Roll of address labels and starter roll of DYMO Stamps label… |
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Brother QL-570 Professional Label Printer $49.00 BROTHER INTERNATIONAL CORPORAT QL-570 – LABEL PRINTER – MONOCHROME – DIRECT THERMAL – UP TO 68 LABELS/MIN – 600 Manufacturer : BROTHER INTERNATIONAL CORPORAT UPC : 012502618843… |
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Sharp Electronics XEA106 Cash Register $61.49 Simple to use and program this register is the perfect partner for small business and shop owners. Large display with high-contrast LED. One sheet drum printing for reliable heavy-duty use. Automatic tax system includes two tax tables and four add-ons. Key mode switch for advanced security. Flash reporting provides up-to-date sales analyses. Display Type(s): LED Register Departments: 8 Clerk Total… |
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Direct Thermal Printer – Monochrome – Mobile – Receipt Print $1,485.00 Datamax-Oneil Direct Thermal Printer – Monochrome – Mobile – Receipt Print 200452-121 Thermal & Label Printers… |
Thermal Receipt Printer
Thermal Receipt Printer
Does anyone have drivers for Epson TM-u220pd receipt printer?
My operating system is windows xp professional sp2 .The thermal printer is connected to the computer but cannot access it im in a spot any help will be greatly appreciated.
I did a search on one of the sites I use, not sure if this will help, but you can try http://www.pcdriverdoctor.com/driversearch/epson-tm-u220pd.html
Good Luck!
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Samsung Bixolon SRP-350plusC Receipt Printer – Monochrome – Direct Thermal – 200 mm/s Mono – 180 dpi – USB, Serial $251.90 A high printing speed make the SRP-350plusC is one of the fastest cash desk printers in the world. Still, speed is not everything the new SRP-350plusC excels in reliability. Additionally, the printer can print vouchers and receipts in high quality…. |
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Sp742md Impact Friction Cut $247.03 SP742 is one of the fastest matrix receipt printer on the market today with improved hardware design as well as sophisticated software features for a truly advanced printing solution whatever the application… |
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4- call button panel, gf/gh $18.37 4- call button panel, gf/gh… |
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Zebra LP2844 Thermal Label Printer $278.00 … |
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Star TSP143, USB, Future Print $204.01 pTSP143U Receipt Printer is the first All-in-One receipt printer on the market today!. The advantage of TSP143U Receipt Printer is evident for applications such as retail, restaurants, and convenience stores. TSP143U Receipt Printer is provided with all standard operating system drivers (Windows, Linux and Mac) and specialty drivers such as OPOS and JPOS. Star has also included a number of embedde… |
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Thermal printer model: POS-5870 with power supply black $50.69 Features: – Print method Line thermal |
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DYMO LabelWriter 450 Turbo High-Speed Postage and Label Printer for PC and Mac, USB, Printer and Software, Black/Silver (1752265) $98.99 Print faster – and print postage. Print 60+ label layouts at speeds up to 71 labels per minute. PLUS print USPS-approved DYMO Stamps postage. Comes with starter roll of DYMO Stamps postage labels!. Package Includes: LabelWriter 450 Turbo, Software, USB Cable, Cleaning Card, AC Power Adapter & Cable, User Guide, Quick Start Guide, Starter Roll of address labels and starter roll of DYMO Stamps label… |
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Brother QL-570 Professional Label Printer $49.00 BROTHER INTERNATIONAL CORPORAT QL-570 – LABEL PRINTER – MONOCHROME – DIRECT THERMAL – UP TO 68 LABELS/MIN – 600 Manufacturer : BROTHER INTERNATIONAL CORPORAT UPC : 012502618843… |
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Sharp Electronics XEA106 Cash Register $61.49 Simple to use and program this register is the perfect partner for small business and shop owners. Large display with high-contrast LED. One sheet drum printing for reliable heavy-duty use. Automatic tax system includes two tax tables and four add-ons. Key mode switch for advanced security. Flash reporting provides up-to-date sales analyses. Display Type(s): LED Register Departments: 8 Clerk Total… |
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Direct Thermal Printer – Monochrome – Mobile – Receipt Print $1,485.00 Datamax-Oneil Direct Thermal Printer – Monochrome – Mobile – Receipt Print 200452-121 Thermal & Label Printers… |
Receipt Organizer Box
Receipt Organizer Box
The 20 Minute Solution to Organizing Household Paperwork
Household paperwork is a never-ending cycle. It sits in piles on tables, countertops and desktops. Some people have many months’ worth of papers stacked on every flat surface available.
The types of paperwork that you have can come from many different sources. They can be bills, statements, personal mail, email printouts, magazines, leaflets, junk mail, and the list goes on. Important papers are lost because there is no organized system to contain them. You must have a system to get – and keep – all your papers organized.
Your system must be one where you can keep them accessible but not scattered everywhere in the house.
Your first task is to find a box, preferably a nice looking one, that will house ALL the paperwork that comes into your home – by whatever means. The box will be large enough to contain quite a bit of paperwork, but not so large that you’ll be overwhelmed with its contents. A size about 12″ square would be just about right.
This box, basket or tray will be the ONE place that every new piece of paper is put into before you sort, process or file it. It must be easy to get to so that you won’t be tempted to just drop today’s mail on a table somewhere.
Go into each room of your house and gather all of the loose papers, envelopes and magazines and put them into your box. DO NOT put junk mail or other pieces of paper into the box that you know that you will never need.
Now, you need to have a few tools to get the paperwork in order:
- a file box or filing cabinet
- a set of hanging folders
- a pad of 2×2 inch sticky notes
- a calendar
- a kitchen timer
1. Set your timer for 20 minutes. You may not be able to get every piece of paper taken care of in 20 minutes if you have been “saving them up” for a long time, but you will make a big dent in your pile!
2. Grab a stack of papers from your box and separate them into piles of like papers. All the bills will go in one pile, all reading material in another, receipts in another, and so on.
3. As you are sorting, throw away the no-brainer things like expired coupons but don’t make any real decisions about what to do with any of the paperwork. You are only sorting here. Don’t stop to read everything!
4. Now that your big pile is sorted into smaller piles, start putting each pile into a file folder. No, you’re still not doing any in-depth decision making. Use a sticky note to label the file. Just write something quick that will help you remember what’s inside. The categories might be warranties, recipts, recipes, travel, bills, to file, taxes, gifts, or…you get the idea.
5. Now, go through the papers in each folder more carefully and note down on your calendar anything that you need to work on, such as bills you need to pay or a doctor’s appointment you may need to keep.
Many of the papers in the “temporary” files that you have created will be put into more permanent files once you have dealt with them. The rest will simply be thrown away because there’s no need to keep them permanently. You will have to use your own judgement and your own situtation to know which to keep.
Has your timer gone off yet? If so, leave the papers in your “in” box until tomorrow for your next 20 minute session. All done? Then, congratulations! You will soon have all the paperwork in your house organized if you remember to put all new papers into your box and schedule a time for those items to be dealt with.
About the Author
Visit CleanAndOrganized.com for more ideas on organizing and cleaning your home.
Haul: TARGET, MAC, WALMART, ORIGINS (:
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Demy Kitchen Safe Touchscreen Recipe Reader $164.95 Digital Recipe Reader… |
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CR Gibson Recipe File Box with 40 Decorated Recipe Cards Part kitchen décor, part recipe storage and part organizer – a Recipe File Box from CR Gibson is all of these. Heavy card stock box with metal-hinged lid comes with 40 4-inch x 6-inch decorated recipe cards and 12 divider cards to make organization easy. Box can hold more than 400 recipe cards. Add your favorite recipes and this Recipe File Box becomes a special gift for a bridal shower or housew… |
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BUXTON GENUINE BUXHYDE COUPON/RECEIPT ORGANIZER WITH 8 POCKETS AND SOLAR CALCULATOR – PINK $12.99 Our Buxton Genuine “Buxhyde” Coupon/Receipt Organizer features zippered construction for security and style, 8 gusseted pockets with included blank label cards for easy organization, exterior clip which is great for shopping carts, built-in solar calculator, colorful polka dot lining for fashionable, fun flare. The 8 gusseted pockets have plenty of room to organize your receipts, coupons, notes, … |
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Knock Knock Receiptable Organizer, Money $11.00 Knock Knock’s receiptables are portable organizers for life’s bits and slips of paper. From running errands to running your finances – and all of the everyday stuff in between – Receiptables will help you manage everything so you can take care of business. With a themed pad, accordion pockets, adhesive tab labels, and handy pen, you’ll never lose track again!… |
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Fujitsu ScanSnap S1500 Deluxe Bundle Sheet-Fed Scanner $449.99 Fujitsu ScanSnap S1500 Sheetfed Scanner FI-S1500-SR Sheetfed Scanners… |
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Receipt.catcher When it’s time to pay the taxes, balance your checkbook or return an item, you’ll know where to find the receipts when you use the convenient and compact Receipt.catcherTM. It includes nine tabbed sections that make it easy to classify receipts now and find them again later. The tabs include: groceries, atm, transport, clothes, gifts, electronics, computer, work and one blank. Keep one on your des… |
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Recipe Keeper $14.59 How many times have you clipped a recipe from a newspaper or magazine, then “lost” it in a drawer? Welcome’s charming new Recipe Keeper is designed to be the perfect place to collect and hold all your favorite recipes. With its three-ring binding, the Recipe Keeper allows for the easy removal and addition of new pages. Blank sheets are ready to be filled in with handwritten … |
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Cath Kidston Recipe Organizer $11.32 Book annotation not available for this title.Title: Cath Kidston Recipe OrganizerAuthor: Kidston, CathPublisher: Chronicle Books LlcPublication Date: 2007/09/20Number of Pages: Binding Type: HARDCOVERLibrary of Congress: … |
Receipt File
Receipt File
Should I File A Lawsuit?
Filing an lawsuit can be an important step to getting an adequate recovery after an injury. This is a legal decision that should be made by your attorney with your input. Before filing suit in your case, a good attorney will obtain your permission and explain to you why a lawsuit should be filed.
Although a lawsuit may have to be filed, settlement is always possible. Negotiations should continue even after a lawsuit has been filed. Only a small percentage of lawsuits actually go to trial. When it is necessary, the following are the major steps required to bring the case to trial: Pleadings, Discovery and Case Evaluation.
What are Pleadings?
Pleadings are the documents parties file in court that form the basis of a lawsuit. The following is intended to be general information only. Each case is unique.
- Complaint: A lawsuit is filed against an opposing party by filing a document in court known as a complaint. The person who brings the action is the plaintiff. The person against whom the action is brought is the defendant. The complaint is a statement of facts alleging the names of the parties and alleging why the conduct of the defendant entitles the plaintiff to recover damages.
- Summons: At the time the plaintiff’s complaint is filed, a summons is issued and served on the defendant by an officer of the Court, usually a Deputy Sheriff or process server, informing the defendant that suit has been filed and that a response must be made within a given period of time or a judgment will be taken against him.
- Answer: The response filed by the defendant is called an Answer, which is prepared by the attorney for the defendant. Alternatively, if a defense attorney feels there is a fatal flaw with the lawsuit, a motion to dismiss the complaint or to strike portions of the complaint may be filed.
What is Discovery?
Once an action is filed, both sides have a right to discover facts concerning the opposing party’s case. Normal discovery proceedings include written interrogatories, depositions, production of records, and sometimes medical examinations.
- Interrogatories: Each side may serve written questions on the opposing party, called interrogatories. You are required to answer these questions within a prescribed period of time, in writing and under oath. We will serve interrogatories on the defendant on your behalf, and the defendant will serve interrogatories on you, which you must answer. Our staff will assist you in preparing your answers.
- Depositions: A deposition is an oral and transcribed statement, under oath, which may be used by either side in a lawsuit. It has the same effect as testifying at trial. It is used to learn as much as possible about the other side’s claims or defenses. Those present are the parties concerned, their lawyers, sometimes an additional witness or two, and a court reporter that records the questions and answers.
The lawyers normally agree in advance where the deposition will be held. It is usually in the office of one of the lawyers. You are required by law to give a deposition. This is not something in which we have a choice. Because of this, we will need your full cooperation. Prior to the deposition, your lawyer will go over the facts of the case with you and answer any questions you might have.
Your deposition is often the most important part of your case. It is important that you be prepared well in advance of the deposition date.
In giving a deposition, there are a few rules to follow:
- Always tell the truth, even if it hurts your case.
- Answer only the questions. Do not make any voluntary statements or speeches.
- Think before you make any answer to any questions. If it concerns a matter about which you do not know, or a detail you do not remember, you may state this. However, once you have stated that you do not know or remember, it’s hard to change your testimony at trial.
- Always be polite.
Frequently the other attorney will ask you many questions which will seem to you to have no bearing upon the case. Nevertheless, it is your duty to answer these questions, notwithstanding the fact that they may irritate you. Never conceal prior injuries or prior illnesses. Remember, the other side has the means of obtaining such information.
What is Case Evaluation?
Case Evaluation is a hearing where your case is heard before a group of three attorneys who determine the value of your damages and assess a monetary amount. The amount awarded is non-binding, meaning if one side rejects the award, the case moves on to trial. However, if both sides accept the amount awarded, the case settles for that amount.
What is the value of my case?
It is impossible for us to tell immediately how much money, if any, you will recover in connection with your case. There is no formula and each case is unique and different. In cases of serious injury, the ultimate recovery is often related to the amount of insurance coverage available, as well as the nature, extent, and duration of your injuries, along with an assessment of liability. As your attorneys, we feel it is our primary duty to obtain an amount of money, which will fairly and justly compensate you for your injuries. We will make every effort to do this by locating all sources of money. We will advise you of our evaluation in this regard.
In general, there is a recovery of money for the following elements of damage:
- The nature and extent of injury, including whether the injury is permanent, and the amount of disability.
- Physical pain and suffering.
- Scarring or disfigurement.
- Mental anguish, embarrassment and humiliation.
- Medical expenses, both past and reasonably certain to be incurred in the future. This includes mileage to and from the doctor or hospital.
- Wage loss, past and future and loss of capacity
- Loss of consortium for your spouse, past and future.
What are the first steps in working with my attorney?
When you are first interviewed, general information regarding your case is obtained. Materials relating to things you should or should not do will be furnished to you. You will be requested to sign certain authorization forms, which will allow us to obtain your medical records and other necessary information.
We will notify the person who was responsible for your injury and/or their insurance company that you have retained us as your attorneys. Requests will be sent to all of the doctors and hospitals involved in your care for your chart and billing information.
Who should I talk to about my case?
Do not talk about your case with anyone except this office and your doctors. If your own insurance company wants to talk about your case before they pay your medical bills, please refer them to us.
What should I sign?
We will obtain any necessary information from employers, schools, or other persons. You should not sign anything for anyone else until you check with us first.
What things should I avoid doing when I am involved in a lawsuit?
- Do not give any statements, written, recorded, or oral, to anyone concerning your accident or injuries without first getting our approval.
- Do not make any incorrect statement to any doctor who may treat or examine you respecting any prior injuries or accidents. If you don’t remember, say so.
- Do not make any incorrect statements to any doctor about your current medical condition.
What are some things to do when I am involved in lawsuit?
- Inform your attorney immediately of any change of address and/or telephone number or employment.
- If your vehicle was damaged, try to obtain pictures before you get it repaired. Use color film and take a whole roll of pictures. Bring the film to us and we will have it developed. If you take pictures with a digital camera, e-mail the photos to our office. Make sure you save the photos on your home computer. If you do not have a camera, please call and we will make arrangements to take the pictures.
- Save all pill bottles, casts, braces, and any other items from your doctors.
- Give us any pictures and videos of the accident or accident scene that you or anyone else has taken for you.
- Tell us of any changes in your job or job duties and responsibilities.
- Be sure to obtain and save all receipts itemizing any and all expenses you incurred as a result of your accident. Receipts must be dated and contain legible and complete vendor identification.
- Inform us of anything you think has a bearing on the case, including extensive medical treatment or hospitalization.
What are the big mistakes I can make during the course of the lawsuit?
- Not seeing the doctor if you are in pain.
- Failing to tell your doctor about medical problems due to the accident.
- Not doing what your doctor tells you and not keeping your doctor appointments.
- Making incorrect statements about how the accident occurred.
- Discussing your case with anyone other than your attorney or your doctor.
Why is it so important to follow my doctor’s advice?
Be sure to do what your doctors tell you. There is never a reason or excuse to miss a doctor’s appointment. By missing a doctor’s appointment, you are saying to the doctor and to the insurance company that you don’t hurt and that it doesn’t matter that much. Our job is to make a recovery for you for the pain and suffering that can be proven. Not going to the doctor is a good way to prove that you are not hurting and that you don’t care. If you don’t care, the doctor may not care. It is very important for you to work hard to get well and to go to all of your appointments.
If you are in pain and you do not see a doctor, the insurance company and the jury will not believe that you are having pain.
Each time you go to the doctor and report that you are still having pain, your doctor makes an entry in his or her chart. It is important for your doctor to have up-to-date information on your condition. Some clients get discouraged and do not see their doctor even though they are having pain. This may harm your claim. It is important that your doctor knows how you are feeling.
Should I pay any medical bills I receive?
While your case is pending against the insurance company of the person that caused your injury, we try to arrange to have your medical bills paid by your own insurance company. Payment of medical bills may come from your automobile insurance carrier, another person’s automobile insurance carrier, worker’s compensation or your own health insurance policy. In premises liability cases, the defendant may have a medical payment provision found in their insurance policy that mandates payment of your medical bills up to a certain amount, regardless of liability. Please be sure that all medical bills that relate to your injury are sent to our office so that we may forward them to the appropriate insurance company.
What records should I keep?
Please be sure to keep the following records for your claim:
- Lost work time and lost wages.
- Expenses resulting from your injuries, including home care, prescription costs and transportation costs
- Medical bills
- Running list of physical limitations you are experiencing and activities you can no longer participate in but could before the accident.
It is important to make your entries on an ongoing basis. A summary at the end of each month will not be as helpful to us. Copies of checks and receipts of payment, as well as the above records, will be very helpful when you may be asked by the insurance company or an attorney to recall your pain, physical disabilities, and out-of-pocket expenses such as medication and medical co-pays.
What if I don’t have medical insurance?
Some of our clients are involved in an accident and do have health insurance coverage, or the claim is not covered under worker’s compensation. Although it depends on the type of case, often medical insurance can be found either through a medical payment provision or through an automobile no-fault policy.
If no medical insurance can be found, your doctor will expect to be paid by you at the conclusion of the case. Often they will require you to agree, in writing, to have us pay them directly from the proceeds you receive. If your doctor asks you to sign what is often called a lien letter, be sure to contact our office. In some cases, it may not be appropriate for you to sign such an agreement.
What should I do if I am being watched and photographed?
When an injured person files a claim, insurance companies routinely conduct a detailed investigation of the injured person’s background. It is not uncommon for an insurance company investigator to park his surveillance van near your house and videotape your activities. These investigators work very hard to obtain videotapes of claimants lifting heavy groceries or engaging in strenuous physical activity. However, these same surveillance tapes have been useful to corroborate our client’s physical limitations, including the use of canes, crutches and other assistance devices.
If you believe you are being watched, please contact our office.
Should I consider bankruptcy?
If you are considering filing bankruptcy, you should know that you might lose all rights to your personal injury case. The bankruptcy court can take over your case, settle your case and give your settlement money to your creditors, and you will receive nothing. Be sure to talk to your lawyer before filing bankruptcy.
What if the person I am suing is an uninsured/underinsured driver?
If you were hit by an uninsured motorist or underinsured motorist, you may be eligible for benefits under your own policy or the policy that covered the vehicle you were in when the accident happened. Many insurance companies have special provisions if you desire to proceed against the uninsured motorist provision of the policy. In most cases, you will be able to collect pain and suffering damages against your own insurance company in the same way as if the driver that hit you did have insurance. We ask that you provide us with a complete copy of your own insurance policy in force at the time of the accident to determine what insurance is available.
Can I sue the government or a governmental entity?
Any injury claim, whether it stems from a car collision or other event that involves the government is subject to special rules. The governmental entity involved may be a city, county, or local government, or a road commission. Generally, in Michigan a governmental entity or government employee is immune from civil liability except in very specific situations. In addition, proper notice must be provided to the appropriate governmental agency. This notice must often be provided within a certain time after the accident. If proper notice is not provided in time, you may forever lose your ability to go forward with a claim.
The law regarding governmental entities and their employees is very detailed and full of fatal traps for the injury victim. If you believe that a governmental entity may be involved in your case, please notify us immediately.
About the Author
Eric Steinberg is a partner in The Law Offices of Lee Steinberg, P.C., one of Michigan’s most distinguished personal injury law firms. He is licensed to practice law in the State of Michigan and specializes in all areas of personal injury law, with a particular focus on automobile negligence, Michigan no-fault benefits and premises liability.
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C.R. Gibson 4×6-Inch Bon Appetit Recipe Box $19.89 This cardboard recipe file box will keep your recipe cards organized. The red faux leather recipe box has a cut-out with a raised plate/fork/knife/spoon. Includes 40 4″×6″ design-coordinating recipe cards and 12 recipe dividers.Refill packs of 40 recipe cards are sold separately.Size: 4 × 6Color/Pattern: RedDimensions: 6½”L × 4¼”W × 5″H… |
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Bulk 3 X 5 Recipe Card Covers (pack of 48) $3.50 Large pack (48) of our popular 3″ x 5″ Recipe Card Covers. Protects Grandma’s apple pie recipe and your favorite meatloaf from kitchen spills and splashes for generations to come…. |
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Demy Kitchen Safe Touchscreen Recipe Reader $164.95 Digital Recipe Reader… |
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SquareTrade 3-Year Fitness Equipment Warranty ($600-800 Items) $89.50 SquareTrade Care Plans are great value and cost 60% lower on average than traditional warranties. Upon purchase, you will get an email confirmation. You will not be mailed a paper contract. If you have questions, please call: 1.877.WARRANTY…. |
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SquareTrade 3-Year Fitness Equipment Warranty ($2000-$3000 Items) SquareTrade Care Plans are great value and cost 60% lower on average than traditional warranties. Upon purchase, you will get an email confirmation. You will not be mailed a paper contract. If you have questions, please call: 1.877.WARRANTY…. |
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SquareTrade 3-Year Fitness Equipment Warranty ($100-200 Items) SquareTrade Care Plans are great value and cost 60% lower on average than traditional warranties. Upon purchase, you will get an email confirmation. You will not be mailed a paper contract. If you have questions, please call: 1.877.WARRANTY…. |
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Knock Knock Receiptable Organizer, Crap $11.08 Knock Knock’s receiptables are portable organizers for life’s bits and slips of paper. From running errands to running your finances – and all of the everyday stuff in between – Receiptables will help you manage everything so you can take care of business. With a themed pad, accordion pockets, adhesive tab labels, and handy pen, you’ll never lose track again!… |
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Knock Knock Receiptable Organizer, Money $11.00 Knock Knock’s receiptables are portable organizers for life’s bits and slips of paper. From running errands to running your finances – and all of the everyday stuff in between – Receiptables will help you manage everything so you can take care of business. With a themed pad, accordion pockets, adhesive tab labels, and handy pen, you’ll never lose track again!… |
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Knock Knock Receiptable Organizer, Errands $12.24 Knock Knock Errands ReceiptableA portable organizer for life’s bits and slips of paper! Receiptables for Errands collects everything you need to get things done, from dry cleaning to prescription filling to returns, not to mention helping you organize your plan of attack from start to finish. Includes six tabbed accordian pockets, tab labels, notepad, and pen…. |
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Livescribe 2GB Pulse Smartpen (APA-00002) $159.99 Sleek ergonomic design with anodized aluminum housing, high speed infrared camera, 300 mAH rechargeable lithium ion battery, smartpen microphone, 3-D recording headset, and USB mobile charging cradle…. |
